In rural areas, natural containers (e.g., tree holes and bamboos) harbored several other Aedes species not found elsewhere. Compared with rural areas, urban and suburban areas were characterized by high numbers of Aedes mosquito breeding sites mostly artificial containers (e.g., tires and discarded containers) that were inhabited by the larvae of Ae. We found that the degree of urbanization was significantly associated with Aedes breeding sites. We studied the larval ecology of Aedes mosquitoes in different settings (rural, suburban, and urban) in Côte d’Ivoire. Although controlling immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes in their aquatic habitats before they become adult vectors remains the best method to fight arboviral diseases, failure to identify the larval habitats can compromise intervention success. Outbreaks of yellow fever and dengue caused by Aedes mosquitoes have been repeatedly reported in rural and urban areas in humid tropical Africa, including Côte d’Ivoire. The predatory mosquito species Culex tigripes was commonly sampled, while Toxorhynchites and Eretmapodites were mostly collected in rural areas. In rural areas, natural containers (e.g., tree holes and bamboos) were common and represented 22.1% (163/738) of all Aedes-positive containers, hosting 18.7% of the Aedes fauna. In suburban areas, containers made of traditional materials (e.g., clay pots) were most frequently encountered. In the urban setting, the predominant breeding sites were industrial containers (e.g., tires and discarded containers). Aedes breeding site positivity was associated with study area, container type, shade, detritus, water turbidity, geographic location, season, and the presence of predators. Eleven Aedes larval species not previously sampled in similar settings of Côte d’Ivoire were identified: Ae. aegypti was the predominant species throughout, with a particularly high abundance in urban areas (99.374%). We collected 6,159, 14,347, and 22,974 Aedes mosquitoes belonging to 17, 8, and 3 different species in rural, suburban, and urban environments, respectively.
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